York Research Leaders celebrated; President’s Awards announced

ResearchLeadersCelebration
ResearchLeadersCelebration

The President’s Office and the Office of the Vice-President Research & Innovation (VPRI) would like to acknowledge our researchers for their outstanding contributions this year. York University is deeply committed to supporting and recognizing the success of our researchers and scholars.

“It is our great pleasure to acknowledge this year’s President’s Award winners: Professors Christopher Perry, Theodore Noseworthy, Debra Pepler and Eric Hessels,” said President and Vice-Chancellor Rhonda L. Lenton. “All four of these researchers are deeply committed to the University’s mission and vision to advance academic and research excellence for the benefit of all. At the same time, they are helping to establish York among the country’s leading research-intensive universities through their visionary research, leadership and mentorship.”

To see this year’s booklet, which showcases all of the researchers, visit the VPRI website.

“This year, over 70 researchers and academics were acknowledged across all Faculties and professional schools for their outstanding contributions in 2019. We wish to extend our warmest congratulations and best wishes to all for their continued success,” said Interim Vice President Research & Innovation Rui Wang.

The President’s Research Awards

President’s Emerging Research Leadership (PERLA) Award 2020

Christopher Perry

Christopher Perry, School of Kinesiology and Health Science, Faculty of Health, was selected for this award (Engineering, Science, Technology, Health and Biomedicine Cluster), as a reflection of his outstanding leadership in and contribution to the fields of exercise physiology, metabolism and skeletal muscle health.

Since 2012, when he came to York, Perry has contributed significantly to the success of the University, both internally and externally. He established the only human muscle biopsy lab at York, where he investigates the basic cellular mechanisms of muscle fitness and applies these discoveries toward developing novel therapies to treat muscle weakness disorders.

In 2016, he was elected to serve as a Director Academic for the Canadian Society for Exercise Physiology, Canada’s major authority in exercise science and prescription. This society focuses on integrating state-of-the-art research into best practice. It is comprised of professionals interested and involved in the scientific study of exercise physiology, exercise biochemistry, fitness and health.

Perry was the recipient of the 2017 Faculty of Health Research Award (early career). He has also received multiple internal and external awards, including funding from the Canada Foundation for Innovation, the Ontario Research Fund, the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, the James H. Cummings Foundation, the Rare Disease Foundation and industry funding.

Theodore J. Noseworthy
Theodore J. Noseworthy

Theodore Noseworthy, Schulich School of Business, was chosen for this award (Social Science, Art & Design, Humanities, Business, Law and Education Cluster), for his extraordinary leadership and contribution to the fields of marketing and consumer studies.

As the Canada Research Chair in Entrepreneurial Innovation and the Public Good, he develops insights that inform business and policy-makers about the benefits of properly communicated innovation and the potential costs to susceptible consumers and society. He examines how marketers can better communicate product and service innovations to maximize adoption and awareness. This work focuses on new product design and innovation, as well as product categorization, category ambiguity and visual processing.

In 2012, Noseworthy was appointed Scientific Director of the NOESIS: Innovation, Design, and Consumption Laboratory, a world-class behavioural lab at Schulich to extend his primary research programs. The NOESIS lab is intended to foster innovative research into consumption, consumer behaviour and design. Noseworthy has developed this lab with the specific goal of conducting high quality research, training skilled personnel and facilitating knowledge mobilization.

Broadly speaking, Noseworthy’s research program is designed to help combat Canada’s innovation deficit by helping the private sector transfer knowledge into commercialized products and services to grow the economy.

President’s Research Impact (PRIA) Award 2020

Debra Pepler

Debra Pepler, Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health, was selected for this award for her innovative contributions to psychology and mental health in the areas of bullying, aggression and violence, especially among marginalized children, youth and families. In recognition of these contributions, Pepler was named an Officer of the Order of Canada by the Governor General.

She is the only psychologist recognized by the Canadian Psychological Association for Distinguished Contributions to both Psychology as a Science and Public or Community Service.

Pepler received a Network of Centres of Excellence grant to establish PREVNet – Promoting Relationships and Eliminating Violence Network, funded from 2006-2019. She built this interdisciplinary network with her former PhD student Wendy Craig (Queen’s University), with over 120 researchers, 150 graduate students and 62 national organizations. PREVNet’s researchers and partners co-created over 150 resources for bullying prevention and healthy relationships. PREVNet was the culmination of Pepler’s decades of research linking science with practice and public policy for children’s healthy development and healthy relationships.

Pepler’s research embedded in clinical and community settings has real impact on the lives of children, youth, and families. She has a strong publication record, having written or co-edited 10 books, and more than 200 journal articles, chapters, and reports. In 2007, Pepler was recognized as a Distinguished Research Professor by York for her ground-breaking research.

President’s Research Excellence (PREA) Award 2020

Eric Hessels

Eric Hessels, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Science, was chosen for his award (Engineering, Science, Technology, Health and Biomedicine Cluster), for his exceptional contribution to atomic, molecular and optical physics.

Hessels, York Research Chair in Atomic Physics and a York University Distinguished Research Professor, has led numerous research projects that have far-reaching consequences for the understanding of the laws of physics. He is leading a collaboration whose goal it is to use ultra precise measurements of the electron to study one of the fundamental unresolved questions of physics.

In 2019, Hessels led a study published in the esteemed journal Science, which found a new measurement for the size of proton at just under one trillionth of a millimetre. The study confirmed the 2010 finding that the proton is smaller than previously believed.

The year before, Hessels led a team that achieved the most precise measurement of the fine structure of helium ever recorded. His researchers had been working on this for eight years. Hessels is now leading a collaboration (EDMcubed) that is attempting to measure the shape of the electron — or, more specifically, whether its charge is evenly distributed. This measurement will try to shed light on one of the fundamental mysteries of physics: why the universe is made entirely of matter (electrons,protons, etc.) and, unexpectedly, has no antimatter (anti-electrons, antiprotons, etc.). 

To see this year’s booklet, visit the VPRI website. To watch the new video, featuring Celia Haig-Brown, Associate Vice President Research discussing research and academic work across the University and aspiration areas for this work, visit VPRI’s playlist.

Research Commons now accepting applications for new Grant Clinic

research graphic

The Research Commons at York University is now accepting applications for its new Grant Clinic. The Grant Clinic is a pilot program set to begin this May. A group of 32 researchers will be selected to receive a comprehensive package of tailored supports to create applications for Canada’s core operating grant competitions in fall 2020: The Social Sciences & Humanities Research Council of Canada (SSHRC) Insight, Natural Sciences & Engineering Research Council (NSERC) Discovery, Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) Projects and the New Frontiers in Research Fund (NFRF) Exploration competitions. Eight researchers will be selected for each of the four competitions.

The selected researchers will be enrolled in a series of workshops, one-on-one tailored pedagogy and external peer reviews for their grant applications. The goal of the Grant Clinic is to create competitive, high-quality applications for submission in Fall 2020.

Applications are due noon on April 17 and successful applicants will be notified by April 27.

Who is this the Grant Clinic for?

  • Faculty available to commit weekly to grant development throughout May, June and July 2020 (schedule will be tailored to an individual’s commitments).
  • Faculty who meet at least one of the three below criteria:
    • Faculty who have never held a SSHRC Insight, NSERC Discovery, CIHR Project or NFRF Exploration;
    • Faculty who want to apply to a new Tri-Council for the first time;
    • Faculty who have not held a Tri-Council grant in the past three years.

If I am accepted into the program, what is my commitment?

Mandatory engagement in the following components:

  • Two workshops in May 2020 with independent grant related work in between workshops (approximately 6 hours in May);
  • Five meetings with your personal Grant Development Instructor over June and July 2020 (approximately 10 hours in June and July);
  • You will need to have a complete grant draft by August 1, 2020 to allow for external peer review process (time to vary between individuals); and
  • You will need to thoroughly review external peer reviewer comments with your Grant Development Instructor in August-September.

Why should I participate in the Grant Clinic?

  • You will work with distinguished researchers and have your own tailored grant writing program with highly experienced Grant Development Instructors;
  • You will gain valuable insights and transferable skills for Canada’s leading research programs that will foster a successful academic career.

How do I apply?

Visit https://bit.ly/3dTd4T8 to complete the brief application form, submit your CV (any format) and a 250-word summary of your proposed research.

Faculty Associate Deans Research will participate in VPRI’s adjudication process.

Successful applicants will be notified by April 27.

Work smarter not harder with the Research Commons.

Virtual Town Hall answers community’s questions on University pandemic plans

Vari pond

A Virtual Town Hall meeting held April 2 and led by York University President Rhonda L. Lenton gave students, staff and faculty the opportunity to raise questions and concerns on how the University will move forward during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Livestreamed to the community, the event aimed to create an open forum to address questions on academic, research and professional work, as well as general operations and plans. Community members were asked to submit questions in advance, or to email questions during the hour-long afternoon session.

A Virtual Town Hall meeting held April 2 and led by York University President Rhonda L. Lenton gave students, staff and faculty the opportunity to raise questions and concerns on how the University will move forward during the COVID-19 pandemic.
A Virtual Town Hall meeting held April 2 with: (top, right to left) Vice-President Finance and Administration Carol McAulay, Vice-President Academic and Provost Lisa Philipps, Interim Vice-President Research and Innovation Rui Wang; and (bottom, right to left) York University President Rhonda L. Lenton, Vice-President Equity, People & Culture Sheila Cote-Meek and Vice-President Advancement Jeff O’Hagan

Joined by the senior leadership team – Vice-President Academic and Provost Lisa Philipps, Vice-President Finance and Administration Carol McAulay, Interim Vice-President Research and Innovation Rui Wang, Vice-President Advancement Jeff O’Hagan and Vice-President Equity, People & Culture Sheila Cote-Meek – Lenton began by commending the York community for adapting to a rapidly evolving and unprecedented situation with creativity and commitment.

“York University, over the past few weeks, has shown incredible leadership,” Lenton said. “I want to say thank you to the entire community … I’ve been incredibly moved by what I’ve seen in terms of generosity of spirit and creativity in coming together to respond to this pandemic.”

Citing the rapid switch to remote learning, virtual labs, and innovative solutions to continuing research and maintaining accessibility, Lenton said these efforts highlight that “York is an anchor institution in our communities.”

Before fielding questions, Lenton was candid in saying the University does not have all the answers, and attention by senior leadership has been turned to scenario planning for the fall to anticipate what the needs and risks could be depending on whether a return to face-to-face instruction will be possible.

York University President and Vice-Chancellor Rhonda L. Lenton

The first question posed asked how long this situation might last and what the plans are for reintegration when pandemic restrictions are lifted. Lenton said the University is following the government’s lead in terms of a reduction in strategies to flatten the curve. Philipps added that the decision for fall can’t be made yet, and that would possibly come mid-summer. The University has developed emergency financial bursaries and is in the process of establishing a more robust COVID-19 relief fund to support the University community.

Concerns over clinical hours and in-person lab and research requirements were raised, and senior leadership assured that alternate solutions are being offered where possible with virtual labs and simulations. However, there may still be disruption to some students.

“This is very important to achieving learning outcomes and many strategies are being pursued … to provide students with at least some of that experience,” said Philipps. She added that some course material may be reorganized to allow students to do some of the hands-on, in-person requirements at a later date when pandemic restrictions are lifted.

It was also noted that thesis deadlines for grad students have been extended by 30 days, without additional fees, and the University is examining how it can ensure students continue to progress in their programs.

Responding to questions on spring convocation, which traditionally takes place in June, Lenton assured the community of graduating students that there will be options to participate in a virtual ceremony in June or to attend the fall convocation in October.

“We have in effect come up with the best-of-both-worlds solution,” she said. “We will be inviting those graduating in June to the October ceremonies, and we are going to expand that convocation. We also recognize that some students won’t be able to return (in the fall) and … we are also working on a virtual convocation in June and we are looking at ways to make that meaningful.”

Community members also asked for assurances on providing for students requiring accommodations, as well as whether there would be an increase in resources with respect to counselling and support services for students, staff and faculty.

“As a community, we all share responsibility to support each other and in particular support our students,” said Lenton, adding that counselling and support services remain open and are fully accessible online.

Students requiring accommodations, and those needing new accommodations to adapt to remote learning, should first contact their course instructor, then program director, associate dean’s office and, if necessary, the registrar’s office. Response times may be longer than usual, due to the current circumstances.

Questions on job security were also front of mind for community members, who asked about contract and compensation stability, as well as potential layoffs. Lenton took a firm stand that the health and well-being of employees are priorities, and the University is investigating all options to mitigate risks with respect to job security.

“It’s challenging without knowing what the next several months will look like,” she said, adding the University is looking at creative solutions and has plan to discuss those with the unions. One example, she said, would be to explore personal development opportunities and short-term redeployment of staff to areas of high need. “This is not only a way to solve potential gaps but it could be an opportunity for staff to learn new skills,” she said.

As well, contracts for those paid hourly were recently extended, and close attention will be given to any opportunities provided by the government to bridge compensation gaps that might arise.

Employee engagement was also addressed, and the community was assured the University plans to continue expanding additional resources to help students, staff and facility stay connected to their work and their colleagues. Some examples include a new ‘Going Remote’ service that will be offered by the Teaching Commons @ York, and the continued efforts by the Libraries to offer digital and virtual services.

To see the full webcast of the April 2 Virtual Town Hall visit https://conversations.info.yorku.ca/first-page/webcast/.

By Ashley Goodfellow Craig, deputy editor, YFile

Welcome to the April 2020 issue of ‘Brainstorm’

Brainstorm graphic

“Brainstorm,” a special edition of YFile publishing on the first Friday of every month, showcases research and innovation at York University. It offers compelling and accessible feature-length stories about the world-leading and policy-relevant work of York’s academics and researchers across all disciplines and Faculties and encompasses both pure and applied research.

New book paints vivid picture of mariners’ world in the Age of Explorationbonus video
Historian Margaret Schotte takes readers back nearly 500 years to discover the multitude of skills that navigators acquired in the immense drive for commercial and naval dominance. The book traces the evolution of sailing expertise, showing how traditional knowledge blended with new scientific rigour. Read full story.

AI fuels research that could lead to positive impact on health care
“Brainstorm” guest contributor Paul Fraumeni speaks with four York U researchers who are applying artificial intelligence to their research ventures in ways that, ultimately, could lead to profound and positive impacts on health care in this country. Read full story.

Zika vaccine study finds inoculating would work and be cost effective
A team of researchers in the Faculty of Science ran a simulation on the effectiveness of a vaccine for the Zika virus and discovered it would be up 75 per cent effective … and a worthy investment. These findings will support health policy development and decision-making. Read full story.

SSHRC project “Archive/Counter-Archive” both visionary and disruptive
Three recent projects, part of the ground-breaking venture “Archive/Counter-Archive,” illustrate the progress to date of this high-profile SSHRC-funded venture that looks at moving images and is designed to disrupt conventional narratives. In doing so, they reinforce the value of this work. Read full story.

Highly applicable research could help brain surgeons target disease
New research from the Centre for Vision Research investigates rapid eye movements. The findings of this original work could help brain surgeons get a more fulsome picture of a patient’s brain prior to surgery, and aid in the treatment of depression and Parkinson’s disease. Read full story.

Research exposes unintended consequences of AI for consumers
Schulich School of Business Professor pens an article on artificial intelligence that suggests we may economically suffer at the hands of the machines we have created. He considers philosophical conundrums from driverless vehicles to robots for soldering, sex and companionship. Read full story.

Launched in January 2017, “Brainstorm” is produced out of the Office of the Vice-President Research & Innovation in partnership with Communications & Public Affairs; overseen by Megan Mueller, senior manager, research communications; and edited by Jenny Pitt-Clark, YFile editor and Ashley Goodfellow Craig, YFile deputy editor.

SSHRC project ‘Archive/Counter-Archive’ both visionary and disruptive

Create and Connect FEATURED
Create and Connect FEATURED
Janine Marchessault
Janine Marchessault

In 2017, York Research Chair in Media Art and Social Engagement Janine Marchessault received a Partnership grant from the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada (SSHRC) to the tune of $2.499 million for her multi-faceted project “Archive/Counter-Archive: Activating Canada’s Moving Image Heritage.” It had 43 co-applicants and collaborators from across Canada and globally, nine from York University across a variety of Faculties. It also involved 24 partner organizations from across Canada.

The work emanating from this project began in 2018 and will span all the way to 2024. Three projects, recently debuted, illustrate the kind of innovative work that’s being created by this enterprise every week.

“Archive/Counter-Archive” is a unique venture. It’s a research collaboration bringing together community and artist-run archives in Canada to emphasize the nation’s most vulnerable moving image heritage. It is devoted to diverse histories from Indigenous, LGBT2Q+, immigrant and women’s communities. It is dedicated to activating and remediating audiovisual archives created by and about these groups and communities.

“Political, resistant and community-based, counter-archives disrupt conventional narratives and enrich our histories,” explains Marchessault, a Trudeau Fellow and a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada. Her work explores the afterlife of moving image archives as art forms and new forms of historical knowledge.

Three 2020 projects exemplary of the value of this massive project

The exhibition launch for “Inuuqatikka: My Dear Relations” took place on Jan. 16 in the Davies Foundation Gallery at the Agnes Etherington Art Gallery in Kingston, Ontario. Curated by Nakasuk Alariaq, Linda Grussani and Tamara de Szegheo Lang, this exhibition features video works, ephemera and production material created by Arnait Video Productions, the world’s leading women-centered Inuit filmmaking collective.

Part of “Inuuqatikka: My Dear Relations” exhibition. Still shots from “Before Tomorrow.” Credit: Oana Spinu. Copyright Arnait Video Productions, 2009. Reproduced with permission
Part of the “Inuuqatikka: My Dear Relations” exhibition. Still shots from “Before Tomorrow.” Credit: Oana Spinu. Copyright Arnait Video Productions, 2009. Reproduced with permission

Arnait addresses traditional knowledge and contemporary life, and represents the voices of Inuit women across generations. This exhibition runs until April 12 and is part of a March 2020 artist residency at Queen’s Vulnerable Media Lab, when four members of Arnait will be present for workshops, intergenerational dialogues and screenings.

Drawing from its own archival materials, Arnait presents living archives – that is, archives activated through human presence – that embed historical images and video interviews with Inuit women recounting their experiences in the present.

Part of “Inuuqatikka: My Dear Relations” exhibition. Credit: Paul Litherland. Copyright Arnait Video Productions, 2009. Reproduced with permission.
Part of the “Inuuqatikka: My Dear Relations” exhibition. Credit: Paul Litherland. Copyright Arnait Video Productions, 2009. Reproduced with permission

Also this past February, as part of the Archive/Counter-Archive Working Papers Series, which unites PhD students from different universities to hear about exciting archival research, Jenn E. Norton spoke on Imagining the Past at the Free Times Café in Toronto. She is a York University PhD candidate in visual arts.

Norton’s augmented reality (AR), video and installation work, which combines antiquated cinematic and digital technologies, investigates time-based media from a position of hindsight, what she calls “a rear-view mirror approach.” Here, she borrows Marshall McLuhan’s idea that a person can’t understand the impact of new technologies directly, but only indirectly, like looking at it with a mirror.

In her work, Norton creates immersive, experiential installations that reconsider everyday objects, landscapes and activities as fantastical, dreamlike occurrences. Using AR, interactive video, animation, sound and kinetic sculpture, Norton’s installations investigate the shifting boundaries of virtual and physical realms.

Norton’s talk was about four recent exhibitions that utilized this rear-view mirror approach.

Still from Slipstream (2019) by Norton; Jenn E. Norton. Images reproduced with permission
Still from Slipstream (2019) by Norton; Jenn E. Norton. Images reproduced with permission

“Archive/Counter-Archive” also offers compelling case studies. Vtape’s Case Study, for example, puts a spotlight on AIDS activist media in Toronto from the late 1980s and 1990s. Vtape is an artist-run, not-for-profit media arts distribution centre that maintains contemporary and historical video art and media works.

Part of the case study’s research team includes Ryan Conrad, a recent SSHRC-postdoctoral fellow in Cinema & Media Studies at York, who is also working on a book titled Radical VIHsion: Canadian AIDS Film & Video.

This case study has two main components: The first examines the 30-minute tapes that were part of Toronto Living With AIDS, a 1990-91 public access cable television program coordinated by the late Michael Balser and York Professor John Greyson. The series was made by pairing artists with community organizations to create much-needed, culturally appropriate and engaging educational tapes about living with and preventing the spread of HIV.

Vtape’s Case Study: TLWA series episode, “The Colour of Immunity,” directed by Glace Lawrence and the Black Coalition for AIDS Prevention (Black CAP).
Vtape’s Case Study: TLWA series episode, “The Colour of Immunity,” directed by Glace Lawrence and the Black Coalition for AIDS Prevention (Black CAP).

The second component features 10 public service announcements (PSAs) created by Canadian artists at the Banff Centre through a residency hosted by Balser in 1993 under the name Second Decade. These PSAs, much like the TLWA series, were designed with specific cultural communities in mind and intended for public consumption through cable television and other distribution methods.

Vtape poster, Toronto Living with A.I.D.S
Vtape’s case study: Public access cable television series promotional poster, “Toronto Living with AIDS” (1990-91), courtesy of David Plant/Trinity Square Video. Reproduced with permission.

“By digitizing these videos, we are investigating both the content and the context of these radical artworks. These restored titles can re-enter into the AIDS activist discourse and will be used by contemporary AIDS activists in a variety of educational contexts,” they explain.

To learn more about “Archive/Counter-Archive,” visit the website. To read more about Marchessault, visit her Faculty profile page.

To learn more about Research & Innovation at York, follow us at @YUResearch; watch our new animated video, which profiles current research strengths and areas of opportunity, such as Artificial Intelligence and Indigenous futurities; and see the snapshot infographic, a glimpse of the year’s successes.

By Megan Mueller, senior manager, Research Communications, Office of the Vice-President Research & Innovation, York University, muellerm@yorku.ca

Highly applicable research could help brain surgeons target disease

This new research could help surgeons learn more about the patient’s brain before operating.
Doug Crawford

Canada Research Chair (CRC) in Visual-Motor Neuroscience and Scientific Director of Vision: Science to Applications (VISTA), Professor Doug Crawford has focused his research for the past two decades on the control of visual gaze in 3D space, eye-hand coordination and spatial memory during eye movements. The Distinguished Research Professor is also a member of the Centre for Vision Research (CVR), an institution that’s leading the way, in a global scale, in human and machine vision research. It was here where some compelling new research took place.

Morteza Sadeh. Photo courtesy of the University of Illinois College of Medicine.
Morteza Sadeh. Photo courtesy of the University of Illinois College of Medicine

One of Crawford’s graduate students, Morteza Sadeh (now a neurosurgeon at the University of Illinois College of Medicine), led a study that recorded the activity of the superior colliculus, a structure in the brain that’s part of the circuit that transforms sensory input into movement output.

This research was supported by the Canadian Institute of Health Research. The findings, which could help to treat Parkinson’s disease and depression, were published in “Timing Determines Tuning: a Rapid Spatial Transformation in Superior Colliculus Neurons During Reactive Gaze Shifts” in eNeuro (2020).

Crawford and Sadeh sit down with Brainstorm to discuss the significance and applications of this new research.

Q: What were the study’s objectives?

DC: There’s an area of the mid brain called the superior colliculus that has a specific function: If you stimulate this area, it’ll make your eyes and your head move toward a target. It has been believed, for many years, that this area’s involved in converting visual input into the command to turn the eyes and head in the same direction.

Now, the problem is how do you show that? In the past, people tried to separate the visual part from the movement part. They’d shine a light and then have the subject look at it, or they’d shine a light and tell subjects to look the opposite way.

Until now, there wasn’t any technology to show what’s happening in that very short time. That’s where we come in: We wanted to see in a normal eye movement to a visual target, how does this spot, the superior colliculus, convert vision into the movement command. That was the objective.

Q: How did you go about doing this research?

DC: We recorded the activity of individual cells, in the superior colliculus, while the subject was looking at different lights. We flashed lights in the area of space that activates those cells. When the subject turned their eyes and head toward the flashed light, we recorded the eye and head movements and the cell activity.

The brain, with an indication of the superior colliculus. Credit: www.thebrain.mcgill.ca
The brain, with an indication of the superior colliculus. Credit: www.thebrain.mcgill.ca

Then we analysed the data using special software that we developed at York, which allows us to decode, at each point in time, what the neurons are actually encoding. With this new software, we can break that down into very short time periods. Even though these neurons would only be active for 200 milliseconds – that’s one-fifth of a second – we could track through that time period how that code is changing.

Q: What were the key findings, and did anything surprise you?

DC: There are two key findings: one, we expected, our hypothesis; the other was a bit surprising. We expected to find that early on, in what we call a burst of activity, the neurons encoded where the target was, and they encoded where it was relative to my eye. Then, 100 milliseconds later, they were already encoding where the subject wanted to move – that is, the gaze. This involves movements of both the eyes and the head toward the object.

That was our first finding: there’s a very rapid switch from coding, where is the target to where am I going to move my eye. We determined that it would take a person one third of a second to do this.

Then something surprised us. In the superior colliculus, you have different kinds of cells. Some only code the visual response, some only code the movement response and some code both. When we tracked all their activity, we found that they’re all involved in this transformation. We now believe they’re sharing information with each other – so as one develops a new code, it passes it on to its neighbours and, in the end, they all end up doing the same thing.

Q: Is this a “first?”

DC: Yes. We developed the software to do that here. We’re the first to show that, and track what happens in different kinds of cells.

Q: How can this work be applied?

DC: The technology we developed could be applied in pre-surgical recordings in human patients. When you do surgeries, you want to know as much as you can about the area you’re operating on, in advance. This knowledge could help when you’re removing, say, tissue or when you’re doing brain stimulation.

This new research could help surgeons learn more about the patient’s brain before operating.
This new research could help surgeons learn more about the patient’s brain before operating

We could apply this to patients to, say, figure out what exactly these neurons are coding in the brain. My lab is collaborating with Dr. Adam Sachs in Ottawa right now. We’ve been applying these exact experiments on different areas of the brain in some of his patients.

MS: The findings of our study could be applied to brain stimulation, which is becoming more popular in terms of its efficacy and its application to movement disorders and psychiatric disorders. This has great potential here.

Q: Could this be used to treat depression and Parkinson’s disease?

MS: Absolutely, both depression and Parkinson’s are examples of the few disorders where brain stimulation is widely used. What we found in this study would be most applicable in terms of movement disorders like Parkinson’s because it’s about control of movement. We could use what we’ve learned to improve deep brain stimulation approaches and targets for treatment of Parkinson’s disease.

A man sitting with hands crossed
The findings of this study would be most applicable in terms of movement disorders, for example Parkinson’s

Q: York University and the CVR are leading the way in this kind of research.

DC: For many years, the Centre for Vision Research (CVR) has been the largest and, we would argue, the best, vision centre in Canada. We’re mostly known for the discovery research, but the Vision: Science to Applications (VISTA) grant enabled us to move toward applications. The collaboration I mentioned with Ottawa was funded by VISTA as well as CHIR.

With all this increased support that we have for research, trainees and collaborations with partners, we really do aim to be the top vision centre in the world.

To read the article, visit the website.  To read more on the York Centre for Vision Research, see the website.  To learn more about VISTA, visit the website. To read more about Doug Crawford, visit his Faculty profile page.

To learn more about Research & Innovation at York, follow us at @YUResearch; watch our new animated video, which profiles current research strengths and areas of opportunity, such as Artificial Intelligence and Indigenous futurities; and see the snapshot infographic, a glimpse of the year’s successes.

By Megan Mueller, senior manager, Research Communications, Office of the Vice-President Research & Innovation, York University, muellerm@yorku.ca

Research exposes unintended consequences of AI for consumers

robot with digital display
3d rendering robot working with digital display

Distinguished Research Professor and Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada, Russell Belk, has carved a unique niche in academia by delving into artificial intelligence (AI) in a very different way, with the consumer at the centre.

The conclusions of his most recent article, “Machines and Artificial Intelligence” published in the Journal of Marketing Behaviour (2019), are thought-provoking if not foreboding: “The ultimate concern for future generations may not be that we pale intellectually and physically in comparison to the machines we’ve created but rather that we suffer economically at the hands of such machines.”

Belk’s new research raises vital consumer research topics for the future
Belk’s new research raises vital consumer research topics for the future

The article unpacks how we got here, digging into a myriad of topics and profound philosophical questions. “My goal is to stimulate marketing and consumer research into related issues, including the possible results of our current and future engagement with technology,” Belk says.

Russell Belk
Russell Belk

He is an incredibly prolific academic. His annual list of publications is long, varied and extends beyond conventional consumerism. He digs much deeper to ponder the meaning of possessions, materialism, collecting, sharing, etc.

This work is qualitative, interpretive and cultural in nature. “In a consumer society, our ideas about ourselves are often bound up or represented in what we desire, what we own, and how we use these things,” he explains.

Belk considers our relationship to machines

This article begins with a philosophical examination of humans and our tools – implements that differentiate us from animals and also become extensions of ourselves. Examples of smartphones and laptops are particularly apt.

The tools we create are powerful and fast. We humans then add intelligence, creativity and problem-solving to the mix. But what happens when the machines dip into our domain, when technology threatens to slip from human control? “There is a lingering fear that our machines may out-do, out-smart and out-power us,” Belk says.

Tools and technology are designed to make our lives better, but some fear machines will outsmart humans and that power shift would be dangerous

He considers our engagement with technology and how it entails a sense of ownership, rights and responsibilities. But in the case of a humanoid robot or self-driving car, these tools may have (or develop) their own rights and responsibilities. (Machine/robot ethics is a blossoming field.)

Belk points out that as our machines become more human-like, we become more machine-like. “We magnify our capabilities with hand-held computers, we replace our body parts with prostheses and we may soon modify our genes to procure additional benefits for ourselves and our progeny, including an extended lifespan,” he says.

Looks at issue from moral, existential lens

Belk doesn’t believe there will be a robot rebellion, but instead a series of small concessions. His article profiles developments and speculations involving computers, algorithms, AI, robots, cyborgs, transhumanism, posthumanism and more.

In this, he broadens the discussion to consider what it means to be human and what it means to be a machine, and the idea of a desired extended lifespan. He does this using four lens: the sacred, the moral, the societal and the existential.

Topics for future research: from driverless cars to robots for sex

After this fulsome analysis, Belk introduced vital areas of future consumer research. “These topics bear on future consumer well-being and perhaps even human survival,” he emphasizes.

He believes that the robots entering our homes, streets and factories are problematic. First, there’s the loss of employment. Driverless vehicles, for example, will mean that truck drivers lose their vocation, as will taxi, Uber and Lyft drivers.

Similarly, robots used in retail spaces, hotels, nursing homes and hospitals pose a problem. How willing would consumers be to interact with and trust robots in these settings? Belk wonders. For this reason, robots are given human-sounding voices, and the ability to detect and respond to human emotions.

With population aging, assistant robots could be used for the elderly. This is the Softbank Robotics’ Pepper robot. Reproduced with permission
With population aging, assistant robots could be used for the elderly. This is the Softbank Robotics’ Pepper robot. Reproduced with permission

Interestingly, Belk points out that robots in some cultures are deemed more trustworthy than in other cultures. In Japan, the idea of a robot caring for elderly person is more accepted than in the West.

Then there’s morality. Robots being programmed to act on moral grounds poses another set of issues. How would it work and what if it malfunctioned?  What would happen if an autonomous military weapon, or robot-soldier, committed a criminal act, or a self-driving car killed a pedestrian? Who would be held accountable?

If a robot-soldier committed a crime, who would be held accountable?
If a robot-soldier committed a crime, who would be held accountable?

Then there’s the thorny issue of robots for sex. Some see this as the further dehumanizing of women; others interpret this as a cure for loneliness or a disease-free form of prostitution.

As Belk raises these key questions, he also warns us of the dangers. “It would be nice if robots and AI could be harnessed for the good of humankind, to eliminate poverty and provide a life of leisure for us all,” he says. But he fears that a few wealthy entrepreneurs would further divide the world into haves and have-nots, reinforcing inequity. In this article, Belk underscores the irony: We may suffer at the hands of the machines we made to improve our lives.

To learn more about Belk’s work, visit his faculty profile page. To read the article in the Journal of Marketing Behaviour, visit the website.

To learn more about Research & Innovation at York, follow us at @YUResearch; watch our new animated video, which profiles current research strengths and areas of opportunity, such as Artificial Intelligence and Indigenous futurities; and see the snapshot infographic, a glimpse of the year’s successes.

By Megan Mueller, senior manager, Research Communications, Office of the Vice-President Research & Innovation, York University, muellerm@yorku.ca

New book paints vivid picture of mariners’ world in the Age of Exploration

Schotte takes readers on a 250-year journey as the science behind sailing became more sophisticated.
Schotte takes readers on a 250-year journey as the science behind sailing became more sophisticated.

In world history, it wasn’t long ago when the oceans were considered unknowably mysterious as our understanding of the natural world was in its infancy. Additionally, to a mariner in the 1550s, the tides, the heavens, inclement weather and pirates threatened their journey at every step.

This is where History Professor Margaret Schotte begins, and from here she takes readers on a 250-year journey as the science behind sailing became more sophisticated; nations acquired technical proficiency from one another; and sea voyages became increasingly and inextricably bound to cultural and socio-economic developments, capitalism, imperialism, nationalism and more.

Schotte takes readers on a 250-year journey as the science behind sailing became more sophisticated.
Schotte takes readers on a 250-year journey as the science behind sailing became more sophisticated.

To Schotte, navigating the sea provides unique insights into world history during a particularly breathtaking era: The Age of Exploration.

Her richly illustrated book, Sailing School: Navigating Science and Skill, 1550-1800 (Johns Hopkins University Press, 2019), recreates the experience of learning to sail, a complex apprenticeship that took place not only onboard ships but in classrooms in Europe’s port communities. This scholarly monograph provides a detailed picture of what it meant to become an expert navigator.

Margaret Schotte and her book, Sailing School. Cover reproduced with permission of the publisher
Margaret Schotte and her book, Sailing School. Cover reproduced with permission of the publisher

The book was funded by the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada, the Princeton Institute for International and Regional Studies and the Barr Ferree Fund.

Author hooks readers at the very start

Edward Riou, age 14 (1776), painted by Daniel Gardner. Mitchell Library, State Library of New South Wales.
Edward Riou, age 14 (1776), painted by Daniel Gardner. Mitchell Library, State Library of New South Wales.

It is immediately clear that Schotte knows how to draw readers into sweeping historic events, enriching the story with detail and accuracy to inspire awe and underscore the significance of nautical advancements.

Chapter One, for example, begins: “At the dawn of the 17th century, a group of nautical men assembled in an elegant home on one of Amsterdam’s grand canals. They gathered around a large table: nine well-to-do men, wearing the flat-brimmed beaver hats and fitted waistcoats fashionable among merchants and sea captains alike.”

Who wouldn’t have wanted to be around that illustrious table?

Skipping ahead, another chapter recounts the heroic tale of a 26-year-old British naval officer, Edward Riou, who kept his damaged vessel, the Guardian, afloat for two months in 1789, thanks to the nautical lessons he’d learned as a student.

Pivotal times in navigation history are highlighted

In this book, Schotte focuses on key points: Seville around 1552; Amsterdam in 1600; Dieppe around 1675; London in 1683; the Netherlands around 1710 and the Southern Indian Ocean in 1789. Within these historic pinpoints, she establishes the socio-economic and cultural context of scientific advancements, such as the drive for commerce and trade in 17th-century Amsterdam or the impact the printing press had on navigation.

She connects nautical history into a broader history of civilization and shows how members of the marine community “shaped politics and finance, appeared in art and literature and pushed for new solutions to long-standing, complex scientific problems.”

Publication commences when navigation was a mishmash of fields

Aristotelian cosmography diagram (1545). Biblioteca Nacional de Espana, Madrid.
Aristotelian cosmography diagram (1545). Biblioteca Nacional de Espana, Madrid.

In telling the story, Schotte starts at the beginning of the accumulation of scientific knowledge, noting that the way sailing was discussed for centuries incorporated a mishmash of fields, including pseudo scientific disciplines such as astrology and the zodiac, alongside cosmology, astronomy, geometry and mathematics.

One of the first steps forward was in 1551, when Spanish humanist Martín Cortés penned a popular book on navigation, which, says Schotte, “set the tone for navigational textbooks for years to come.”

She reminds us, however, that most people were illiterate, and many navigators tended to value experience over book learning. Furthermore, there was resistance to scientific progress: Englishman William Bourne, for example, claimed that experienced captains were resistant to “newfangled tools,” such as maps.

Nations learned from nations, nautical classrooms sprung up

But slowly the introduction of instruments, charts and maps fueled advancements. The interplay among nations, which Schotte discusses, is interesting. The English learned from the Spanish: In 1558, Captain Stephen Borough, from Dover, visited Seville and viewed the instruments and manuals used to teach Spanish navigators, then brought back this knowledge to the court of Queen Elizabeth I.

As well, naval administrators, keen to get a leg up on the competition, sought to find out what neighbouring countries were developing. Soon nautical classrooms, textbooks and examination processes spread across Europe.

Several inventions were game changing

Comparing the 1400s to the 1500s, the average length of voyages more than tripled.

Schotte describes the key instruments that facilitated this great change. For example, by the 16th century, mariners were able to ascertain latitude using news tools like a cross-staff, backstaff or mariner’s ring. A navigator using a backstaff, for example, looked at the sun to measure its altitude.

Three tools, from left: (1) Backstaff (Amsterdam, 1637). Leiden University Library (2313 F 14). (2) Golden Number (1605), from ‘Tractaet des Tijdts' Deur Robert Cuningham (B4179), Collection Maritiem Museum Rotterdam. (3) Traverse board (Amsterdam, 1840-60). Het Scheepvaartmuseum, Amsterdam.
Three tools, from left: (1) Backstaff (Amsterdam, 1637). Leiden University Library (2313 F 14). (2) Golden Number (1605), from ‘Tractaet des Tijdts’ Deur Robert Cuningham (B4179), Collection Maritiem Museum Rotterdam. (3) Traverse board (Amsterdam, 1840-60). Het Scheepvaartmuseum, Amsterdam.

The Golden Number was another key tool, albeit non-technical. It involved the navigator counting with his fingers and thumb to figure out the epact – the number of days by which the solar year differs from the lunar year. (Knowledge of sun and stars became increasingly important as well as math skills related to nature and geographic knowledge.)

Early modern navigators also used Traverse boards, wooden boards marked with the points of the compass with holes and pegs by which to indicate the course of the ship and to calculate distance.

From technical advancements to highly charged personal stories, Schotte’s book is a fascinating read.

To read more about Schotte’s work, visit her faculty profile page. To learn more about the book, visit the website.

To learn more about Research & Innovation at York, follow us at @YUResearch; watch our new animated video, which profiles current research strengths and areas of opportunity, such as Artificial Intelligence and Indigenous futurities; and see the snapshot infographic, a glimpse of the year’s successes.

By Megan Mueller, senior manager, Research Communications, Office of the Vice-President Research & Innovation, York University, muellerm@yorku.ca

AI fuels research that could lead to positive impact on health care

Artificial intelligence: A human hand shakes a robot hand

Meet four York University researchers: Lauren Sergio and Doug Crawford have academic backgrounds in physiology; Shayna Rosenbaum has a PhD in psychology; Joel Zylberberg has a doctorate in physics.

They share two things in common: They focus on neuroscience – the study of the brain and its functions – and they leverage advanced computing technology using artificial intelligence (AI) in their research ventures, the application of which could have a profound and positive impact on health care.

In a nondescript room in the Sherman Health Sciences Research Centre, Lauren Sergio sits down and places her right arm in a sleeve on an armrest. It’s an odd-looking contraption; the lower part looks like a sling attached to a video game joystick.

Sergio is putting herself in the shoes of a person who has suffered a stroke that has hampered mobility in the arm. That’s how strokes do their damage – a blood clot shoots to the brain and shuts off motor function. But what if you combined AI engineering and neuroscience research? What if that AI could tell your brain what to do to get your arm to reach and grab something?

Lauren Sergio
Lauren Sergio

Sergio, York Research Chair in Brain Health and Skilled Performance and core member of VISTA (Vision: Science to Applications), is working with IT Universe, a Toronto-based tech company, to develop the sleeve encasing Sergio’s arm. A real stroke patient would also have an EEG cap on their head that measures brainwaves and virtual reality goggles over their eyes showing images of objects, such as a balloon. “Then we say, ‘Look at the red balloon and think about moving your hand to it,’” Sergio explains.

Sergio demonstrates how a person’s arm fits into the devise. Photo credit: Paul Fraumeni
Sergio demonstrates how a person’s arm fits into the devise. Photo credit: Paul Fraumeni

Given the disconnection between the brain and the arm that the stroke would have caused, the patient wouldn’t be able to reach the balloon. But the robotic arm can. The team teaches it – through machine learning – to imitate or duplicate the brain activity associated with arm movement. Eventually, after the robot has been trained sufficiently, it takes that information, transmits it to the robotic arm, and facilitates the patient’s hold on the balloon. And in repeating this task, the robotic arm feeds directions back to the human brain. “This helps repair those networks in the brain that were severed by the stroke.”

Douglas Crawford
Doug Crawford

This kind of collaborative research, with a focus solving real-life problems, is exactly what Doug Crawford had in mind when he pitched VISTA to the federal government’s Canada First Research Excellence Fund (CFREF). In 2016, CFREF awarded York $33 million over a seven-year period. With matching funds from the University and contributions from industry partners, the total funding package is $120 million.

“VISTA’s goal is to take the outstanding model of interdisciplinary research laid down by York’s Centre for Vision Research and expand on it to bring even more researchers from a greater of variety of areas together,” says Crawford, VISTA director and Canada Research Chair in Visual-Motor Neuroscience. “And our work is translational – meaning, fundamental [or discovery] research is important, but we’ll see it through to application.”

There are over 80 researchers associated with VISTA. The range of disciplines is breathtaking – from computer science to forestry, from pain management to theatre performance. The potential applications of their work are equally mind-blowing – from the quality of animation in a movie to improving children’s environmental health.

Shayna Rosenbaum is York Research Chair in the Cognitive Neuroscience of Memory and a core member of VISTA. She focuses on clinical neuropsychology, the study of the relationships between brain and behaviour. Her area of specialization is the role of the hippocampus, the part of the brain that stores information we need so we can navigate in our daily lives.

“People with Alzheimer’s become disoriented easily. That’s partially because they’re unable to learn how objects relate to one another, including landmarks. When they try to find their way in a new place, they often have difficulty.

Shayna Rosenbaum
Shayna Rosenbaum

“We’re interested in what happens when the person navigates familiar places. Because, even then, individuals in early stages of Alzheimer’s can have difficulties. So, we’d like to detect this as early as possible because we think it’s a good gauge of whether someone will develop the disease,” Rosenbaum explains.

VISTA has enabled her to collaborate with James Elder (York Research Chair in Human and Computer Vision) and Matthew Kyan, both in York’s department of electrical engineering and computer science. They are leveraging AI to develop real-world tasks that can be used to test older adults’ navigation abilities.

“We create situations in the computer program where an older adult has to circumvent the original, known route to get to a particular location. Some patients have difficulties generating the detour. They eventually arrive at their goal location, but it’s very inefficient.”

Rosenbaum has applied for funding for a project involving the creation of a computer model of the interior of Baycrest Health Sciences, a research and teaching hospital for older adults. “We’ll put the model into virtual reality and use it to see how people learn to navigate in Baycrest. We hope to pre-expose individuals who plan to move into Baycrest to reduce instances of wandering or disorientation. Our technology might give them a sense of their new space and reduce their anxiety.”

Joel Zylberberg came to York in 2019. He’s the Canada Research Chair in Computational Neuroscience, a fellow at CIFAR (Canadian Institute for Advanced Research) and a core member of VISTA.

Among his many ventures in applying AI to neuroscience, Zylberberg is looking into using functional magnetic resonance (fMRI) to teach computers to mimic brain activity. His goal is to help radiologists with their diagnoses.

Joel Zylberberg
Joel Zylberberg

“A few University of Alberta radiologists have agreed to sit in a scanner and examine radiology images of their patients and do their diagnostic tasks, while we look at what their brains are doing. Then we’ll use their brains as the teacher for our deep neural nets,” Zylberberg explains.

He says the goal isn’t to replace radiologists with machines. “It’s more likely to be a critical decision support tool: the radiologist would look at the image, feed it into computer software that mimics the learning ability of the brain and then study the output to see if they missed something.”

All four of these York researchers are excited about the possibilities, while also aware of the challenges that the brain presents.

“AI can help us take the brain signals and try to figure out what the brain might be trying to send from the spinal cord to the muscles to the arm – something a baby picks up easily within days,” says Sergio. “The technology isn’t perfect yet, but we’re making huge leaps. What’s happening in robotics now is astounding.”

For Zylberberg, what he values most is the multidisciplinary nature of VISTA. “My lab’s in a weird kind of space. We’re not biologists or computer scientists. I’m a physics professor but I’m not much of a physicist. So, without something like VISTA there wouldn’t be a research community that my lab would fit into. VISTA has assembled an incredible community that covers the whole spectrum.”

Rosenbaum stresses the real-world focus. “VISTA has really allowed for this kind of work I’m doing. It’s important to show the link between the fundamental [discovery] research that we do, learning how the brain and AI work, and how that might apply to the real world and actually help people. VISTA is giving us that opportunity.”

To learn about Sergio’s work, visit her Faculty profile page. For more information on Rosenbaum, visit her Faculty profile page. To learn more about Zylberberg, see his profile page. For more on Crawford and VISTA, visit the VISTA website.

To learn more about Research & Innovation at York, follow us at @YUResearch; watch our new animated video, which profiles current research strengths and areas of opportunity, such as Artificial Intelligence and Indigenous futurities; and see the snapshot infographic, a glimpse of the year’s successes.

Paul Fraumeni is an award-winning freelance writer who has specialized in covering university research for more than 20 years. To learn more, visit his website.

Zika vaccine study finds inoculating would work and be cost effective

A mosquito bites a human arm

The Zika virus, to most people, is harmless. But to pregnant women it can be devastating because this virus is associated with serious neurologic disorders in newborns.

Seyed Moghadas

Professor and Director of York University’s Agent-Based Modelling Laboratory Seyed Moghadas and his then-graduate student, Affan Shoukat (now a postdoctoral fellow at Yale University), led a study that concluded that the vaccination of young women would prevent Zika from infecting these individuals in about 75 per cent of them. The vaccine would also be cost effective at under $16 (US dollars) per vaccination in most countries in the Americas.

“Our findings indicate that targeted vaccination of women of reproductive age is a noteworthy preventive measure for mitigating the effects of Zika virus infection in future outbreaks,” says Moghadas, an expert in mathematical and computational modelling in epidemiology and immunology.

Zika is transmitted by mosquitoes. It is particularly dangerous for pregnant women.
Zika is transmitted by mosquitoes. It is particularly dangerous for pregnant women.

This work was supported by Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada. Financial support also came from the Canadian Foundation for Innovation for the establishment of the Areto Computational Cluster at York, used to perform the simulations.

The article, “Cost-effectiveness of Prophylactic Zika Virus Vaccine in the Americas,” was published in the high impact journal Emerging Infectious Diseases (2019).

Economic burden in the billions

The Zika virus is a mosquito-borne virus that was first identified in Uganda in 1947 in monkeys. It was later identified in humans in 1952 in Uganda and the United Republic of Tanzania. Today, 87 countries and territories have reported evidence of mosquito-transmitted Zika infection, according to the World Health Organization (July 2019, WHO).

The economic burden is estimated to be substantial, ranging from $7 to $18 billion in short-term costs and $3.2 to $39 billion in long-term costs.

A vaccine could be a game changer.

Zika virus devastating during pregnancy

To the average person, this virus causes mild disease. Most people never develop symptoms. If they do, these signs include fever, rash, muscle and joint pain or headache, and usually last two to seven days.

People who have contracted Zika face an increased risk of neurologic complications, such as Guillain-Barré syndrome, a rapid-onset of muscle weakness; neuropathy (nerve damage); or myelitis, an inflammation of the spinal cord that can result in paralysis and sensory loss.

Zika virus infection during pregnancy is very dangerous. It can cause infants to be born with congenital malformations – primarily, microcephaly. This is a condition where a baby’s head is much smaller than expected. It means that the baby’s brain has not developed properly during pregnancy or has stopped growing after birth.

Researchers develop simulation model to see how effective vaccine would be

The idea of a vaccine, more specifically how effective this would be, is something that Moghadas has been working on for some time. In this article, he and Shoukat developed a simulation model where the human population was divided into four categories:

  • Susceptible;
  • Exposed and incubating;
  • Infectious; and
  • Recovering.

The mosquito population was also divided into groups: susceptible, exposed and incubating, and infectious groups. (Only three groups, not four as the human population. Why? Because once a mosquito is infectious, it cannot recover; it will be infectious for the rest of its lifespan, which is days to weeks.)

The team also looked at country-specific demographics (age and sex distributions and fertility rates), and calibrated it to attack rates, which were based on 2015–2017 outbreaks. The countries ranged from Belize to Brazil, Peru to Panama.

Seyed Moghadas and the Areto Computational Cluster, used to perform the simulations
Seyed Moghadas and the Areto Computational Cluster, used to perform the simulations

“These attack rates were considered to be the proportion of the population that was infected (representing the level of herd immunity) at the start of simulations for each country in the evaluation of vaccination scenarios,” Shoukat explains. (Herd Immunity is where the majority of individuals in a population have developed immunity to a pathogen. Because so many people within the community are unable to contract the disease, this reduces the likelihood that those who haven’t developed immunity will contract the disease.)

The researchers also factored in the costs associated with the disease and vaccination.

Vaccination results

In this simulation, the vaccination coverage was 60 per cent for women of reproductive age. For pregnant women, it was 80 per cent initially and continued at 80 per cent throughout the simulations. Averaging these numbers in their computer simulations, the researchers concluded that the vaccination of young women would prevent Zika from infecting about 75 per cent of these individuals.

They also calculated the reduction of fetal microcephaly during pregnancy (if vaccination had occurred), and found a marked reduction, within the range of 74 to 92 per cent. The median percentage reduction was over 80 per cent in all countries.

Cost-effectiveness results

The researchers considered both short- and long-term medical costs specific to each country. Short-term costs included physician visits and diagnostic tests for pregnant women. Long-term costs included disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs, the number of years lost due to ill-health, disability or early death) with disability weight (i.e., severe intellectual disability) extracted from a Global Burden of Disease study (published in The Lancet in 2013).

The researchers concluded that “a single-dose vaccination program is cost-effective for all countries studied.” Specifically, the vaccine would be cost effective at under $16 (US) per vaccination.

Figure 1 offers a country-by-country break-down. (Note: “Cost-saving” and “cost-effective” are not the same thing. “Cost-saving” refers to preventive care that decreases costs. If the benefits are sufficiently large compared to the costs, the intervention is “cost-effective” even if it doesn’t save money.)

Figure 1: Vaccination costs per individual by country
Figure 1: Vaccination costs per individual by country

This work could help to inform health policy

Moghadas emphasizes the policy applicability of this work: “We want to develop knowledge translation methods to bridge existing gaps between theory, policy and practice. Modeling outcomes should be translated to inform health policy development and support decision-making.”

To read the article, visit the website. To learn more about Moghadas, visit his Faculty profile page.

To learn more about Research & Innovation at York, follow us at @YUResearch; watch our new animated video, which profiles current research strengths and areas of opportunity, such as Artificial Intelligence and Indigenous futurities; and see the snapshot infographic, a glimpse of the year’s successes.

By Megan Mueller, senior manager, Research Communications, Office of the Vice-President Research & Innovation, York University, muellerm@yorku.ca